[Study of Navarra (PECNA). Correlation of arterial blood pressure, in a child-young population, with anthropometric and biochemical parameters]. / Estudio de Navarra (PECNA). Correlación de la tensión arterial, en una población infanto-juvenil, con parámetros antropométricos y bioquímicos.

As part of an epidemiological study on cardiovascular risk factors among children and adolescent in Navarra, arterial blood pressure (BP) readings were taken in 5,829 children. These children, both males and females, between the ages of 4 and 17 years, were selected at random from the public and private school population in our community. The correlation between systolic blood pressure and diastolic blood pressure with anthropometric and biochemical parameters was analyzed. The correlation coefficient for systolic BP readings were always higher than those for diastolic BP. The highest correlations for both BP scores were found with weight, followed by height. Correlation with total weight parameters is superior to that found with body fat parameters. There were no significant correlations between BP and the lipid parameters. When analyzing multiple regression equations, we find that with only the child's weight and age, both systolic and diastolic BP can be predicted with correlation coefficients of 0.597 and 0.492, respectively. When doing a partial correlation analysis, the correlation between systolic BP and age, at a fixed height value, disappears; while the correlation of systolic BP with height remains when using a set age. This suggest that the best definition for hypertension is based on BP-height percentile, rather than BP-age.

[The Navarra study. Prevalence of arterial hypertension, hyperlipidemia and obesity in the infant-child population of Navarra. Association of risk factors]. / Estudio de Navarra (PECNA). Prevalencia de hipertensión arterial, hiperlipidemia y obesidad en la población infanto-juvenil de Navarra. Asociación de estos factores de riesgo.

As part of an epidemiological study on cardiovascular risk factors among children and adolescents in Navarra, 5,829 children were studied. These children, of both sexes, were between 4 and 17 years of age and were selected at random from the public and private school population in Navarra. The prevalence of hypertension (HT) was 7.17 +/- 0.34%, hyperlipemia (LDL/HDL > 2.2) 15.70 +/- 0.49% and obesity (Quetelet I) 3.96 +/- 0.26%. Of the children and adolescents in Navarra 23.68% show some of these three associated risk factors. Obesity was significantly associated with HT and hyperlipemia, measured by LDL/HDL > 2.2 (but not when defined by cholesterol > 200 mg/dl). This association was greater when the pathology was defined by the Quetelet Index, rather than by the skinfold thickness. Hypertension was not associated with hypercholesterolemia (defined as LDL/HDL > 2.2). The association with hyperlipemia (measured by LDL/HDL) disappeared when the obesity effect was eliminated. It is deduced from these factors that if we don't take preventative health measures, the present children and adolescents from Navarra will suffer a high cardiovascular morbi-mortality when they become adults.

[A study from Navarra. Hyperlipidemia V. What is the best definition of hyperlipemia in childhood and adolescence?]. / Estudio de Navarra (PECNA). Hiperlipemias V. Cuál es la mejor definición de hiperlipemia en la edad infanto-juvenil?

As part of an epidemiological study on cardiovascular risk factors among children and adolescents in Navarra, lipids and lipoproteins were analyzed in 5,829 children of both sexes, between 4-17 years of age, and selected at random from the school population in our community. In this article, we analyze the different definitions for lipid risk during childhood, whether based on percentile values, according to age and sex of the child, of cholesterol, LDL/cholesterol, or risk quotients (C/HDL, LDL/HDL), or even on the absolute values of all of these parameters. An appropriate definition for hyperlipemia during childhood, once we know the average variations in the levels of lipids and lipoproteins according to age and sex, as well as the variations of the lipid risk prevalence according to its definition, would be: 1. Previous screening according to cholesterol serum levels: Values higher than the 70th percentile for each group according to age and sex: or higher than 185 mg/dl for children age 4 to 12 and 170 mg/dl for children age 13 to 17. 2. To calculate the LDL/HDL quotient among those selected children included in the definition of hyperlipemia when the quotient is higher than the 85th percentile for the patients age and sex, or it is higher than 2.2.

[A study from Navarra. Hyperlipidemias. Avarage scores and percentiles for lipids and lipoproteins in a population of children and adolescents. Correlation with anthropometric parameters]. / Estudio de Navarra (PECNA). Hiperlipidemias. Valores medios y percentilados de lípidos y lipoproteínas en una población infanto-juvenil. Correlación con parámetros antropométricos.

As part of an epidemiological study on cardiovascular risk factors among children and adolescents in Navarra, the following parameters: total cholesterol, HDL-cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol, triglycerides and C/HDL and LDL/HDL risk quotients were determined in 5,829 children. These children, of both sexes and between the ages of 4 and 17 years, were selected at random from the school population in our community. Average values and percentiles of these parameters were obtained for each group according to age and sex as a previous step to define the health condition or "lipid risk" in our population. When determining the correlation of these biochemical parameters with the anthropometrical parameters of BP, age, weight, height, Quetelet Index, body mass surface, skinfold thickness and the percentage of subcutaneous fat (after the necessary logarithmic transformations, adjusted to each age and sex group by Z-scores) we find that none of the correlation coefficients are significant. The triglycerides and the HDL-cholesterol have a low, but significant. The triglycerides and the HDL-cholesterol have a low, but significantly, correlation with the other lipid parameters. The lipid risk quotient (C/HDL, LDL/HDL) shows a higher correlation with LDL-cholesterol than with total cholesterol.

[The Navarra study (PECNA). Hyperlipidemia III. Variations in the median HDL levels and lipid risk quotient in children and adolescents based on age and gender]. / Estudio de Navarra (PECNA). Hipelipemias III. Variaciones de los niveles medios HDL y de los cocientes de riesgo lipídico de una población infanto-juvenil según edad y sexo.

As part of an epidemiological study on cardiovascular risk factors among children and adolescents in Navarra, lipids and lipoproteins were analyzed in 5,829 children of both sexes. The subjects were between 4 and 17 years of age and were selected at random from the school population in our community. In this article we analyze the variations in HDL-cholesterol and cholesterol/HDL and LDL/HDL risk quotients according to age and sex. Beginning at the age of 10, the HDL decreases in both sexes, although this decrease is more evident among males and they obtain levels lower than those during early childhood. Among females older than 14 there is a slight increase. Apparently the decrease in HDL among male adolescents is due to an increase in the production of testosterone during this stage of life. Both risk quotients decrease until the children are 10 years of age, after which they increase among males and stabilize or slightly decrease among females. For this reason, scores are higher for males during the last years of adolescence. The cardiovascular lipid risk increases with age and during adolescence in higher among males and depends more on the variations in HDL than on variations in cholesterol or LDL. We believe that the best definition for cardiovascular lipid risk during the infancy or adolescents is one which is based on the risk quotients.

[The Navarra study (PECNA). Hyperlipidemia IV. Prevalence of hyperlipidemia in the infant- and juvenile population of Navarra. Variations based on age, gender and health care accessibility]. / Estudio de Navarra (PECNA). Hiperlipemias IV. Prevalencia de Hiperlipemias en la población infanto-juvenil de Navarra. Variaciones según edad, sexo y Areas Sanitarias.

As part of an epidemiological study on cardiovascular risk factors among children and adolescents in Navarra, lipids and lipoproteins were analyzed in 5,829 children of both sexes. These children were between 4 and 17 years of age and were randomly selected from the school population of our community. In this article, we analyze the prevalence of lipid risk, according to its different definitions, among children and adolescents in Navarra, and its variations related to age, sex and sanitary area. The prevalence of hypercholesterolemia (C > 200 mg/dl) among children and adolescents, aged 4 to 17 years, is very high: 21.07% +/- 0.54%. In spite of having high serum levels of HDL, the lipid risk measured by the risk quotient LDL/HDL > 2.2 is still very high: 15-70% +/- 0.49%. If we define the lipid risk during childhood and adolescence by the quotient LDL/HDL > 2.2, male adolescents turn out to be the group with the highest risk. This phenomenon coincides with the results of the epidemiological studies made among adults. Nevertheless, they do not coincide with these results if the lipid risk is defined by C > 200 mg/dl. In our opinion, during infancy and adolescence, the lipid risk is better defined by the quotient LDL/HDL > 2.2.

[Study from Navarra. Variations in the average arterial blood pressure level according to age, gender and body height]. / Estudio de Navarra (PECNA). Variaciones de los niveles medios de tensión arterial según edad, sexo y talla.

As part of an epidemiological study on cardiovascular risk factors among children and adolescents in Navarra, arterial blood pressure (BP) readings were taken in 5,829 children, including both sexes and aged between 4 and 17 years. The subjects were randomly selected from the public and private school population in our community. BP-age and BP-height percentiles were obtained for each sex and the physiological variations in BP according to these parameters was also analyzed. Systolic BP increased with age in both sexes throughout childhood. During adolescence, there is almost no variation in BP among girls, but in boys older than 13 years, there is a sudden increase. For this reason, boys have higher values than girls. Diastolic BP shows a linear increase in both sexes. BP increases with height in both sexes. In spite of the sudden rise in systolic BP among the boys taller than 145 cm, the increase in systolic BP in relationship to height is smaller and more homogeneous than the increase seen with age. As the BP variations with height are smaller and more homogeneous than those related to age, it is preferable to evaluate this parameter by BP-height rather than by BP-age.

[Study from Navarra. Hyperlipidemia II. Variations according to age and sex in the average cholesterol level, LDL-cholesterol and triglycerides in an infant-child population]. / Estudio de Navarra (PECNA). Hiperlipemias II. Variaciones de los niveles medios de colesterol total, LDL-colesterol y triglicéridos de una población infanto-juvenil según edad y sexo.

As part of an epidemiological study on cardiovascular risk factors among children and adolescents in Navarra, lipids and lipoproteins were analysed in 5,829 children. The study group was selected at random from the school population in our community and included students of both sexes between 4 and 17 years of age. In this article we describe the variations from 4 to 10 years of age in both sexes and decrease from that age on. Among males older than 14, they continue decreasing, while they become stable in females. For this reason, values during childhood are higher than during adolescence in both sexes, and within this period, males show lower levels than girls. Variations in LDL serum levels according to age and sex are similar to those recorded with cholesterol. The triglyceride serum levels increase in line with age among boys. With girls, something similar happens until they are 13. Starting from this age, there is an inversion showing lower levels than the male adolescents. In both sexes, levels during adolescence are higher than during childhood.